edulis restoration projects have been set up in the North Sea, off the coast of the Netherlands (e.g. This may therefore be the ideal time to attempt to restore flat oyster reefs. However, the flat oyster population in the Dutch Delta area is showing signs of recovery, particularly in Lake Grevelingen (Smaal, Kamermans, Van der Have, Engelsma, & Sas, 2015). ![]() edulis has declined considerably due to increased mortality as a result of overfishing around the end of the 19 th and beginning of the 20 th centuries (Gercken & Schmidt, 2014) and more recently due to the parasite Bonamia ostreae (Engelsma et al., 2010). ![]() The flat oyster not only acted as a keystone species for a rich and productive ecosystem, but also served as an economically profitable fisheries product (Gercken & Schmidt, 2014). The European flat oyster ( Ostrea edulis), was once widespread in the southern North Sea (Olsen, 1883). edulis spat collectors intended for reef restoration purposes but may need further development for cultivation application. Suspended sacks of bivalve shells show great promise as O.
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